A fresh construction theory now contends the Great Pyramid of Giza (built for Khufu around 2560 BC) may have been built from the inside out, rather than relying solely on external ramps. This idea, detailed in a recent research paper, challenges long‐standing beliefs about how one of the world’s most iconic monuments was erected.
Here’s a breakdown of the theory, supporting evidence, how it differs from prior models, and the reactions from experts.
What the “inside-out” theory proposes
- The research, led by Simon Andreas Scheuring of Weill Cornell Medicine, suggests the Pyramid was constructed using internal stone-lined ramps, pulley or counterweight systems, and that these were embedded within the structure itself rather than scattered externally.
- According to this model:
- Internal ramps in passages such as the Grand Gallery and the Ascending Passage were used to move large blocks
- Counterweights and pulley-like mechanisms inside the pyramid (for example, within the Antechamber) may have helped lift blocks weighing up to ~ 60 tons.
- The model also claims the pyramid grew from a central starting point and expanded upward and outward in phases, instead of simply piling blocks layer by layer from the outside alone.
How it differs from previous ramp theories
Standard theories of pyramid construction include:
- Large straight external ramps (usually on one face) up which blocks were hauled.
- Zig-zagging or wrap-around ramps on the outside.
- Internal spiral ramp hypotheses (such as those promoted by architect Jean‑Pierre Houdin) which suggest a ramp inside the pyramid’s shell.
The new theory pushes this further by emphasising integrated machinery (pulleys and counterweights) and internal ramps that are more embedded in the structure’s core, reducing the need for massive external ramp systems.
Evidence cited for the new theory
- Architectural features: the shape and sloping of the Grand Gallery and Ascending Passage are cited as plausible alignments for internal transport systems.
- Efficiency: the paper argues that external ramps alone would have been impractically long or steep for moving millions of blocks at the required pace.
- Historical engineering logic: taking an engineer’s viewpoint, the theory claims internal mechanisms might be more feasible given the massive scale. (See earlier commentary.)
What remains uncertain / criticisms
- While the new model is compelling, it is not yet universally accepted. Some Egyptologists and engineers believe external ramp methods remain plausible.
- Physical evidence of the internal pulley/counterweight machinery is still indirect; the mechanisms are inferred rather than directly observed.
- The theory must account for how massive external stone logistics (quarrying, transporting to the site) fit with the internal build model.
- Some details—such as the exact path of internal ramps, or how the countersystems were maintained—remain speculative.
Why this theory matters
- It may rewrite our understanding of how one of the Seven Wonders of the World was constructed with the technology of its time.
- It highlights the ingenuity and engineering sophistication of ancient Egyptian builders.
- It could influence how we interpret other large ancient structures: suggesting more complex internal systems than previously assumed.
- For archaeology and heritage science, it opens new lines of investigation—looking for internal mechanical features rather than only external construction remains.
What to watch next
- Further scanning and imaging of the pyramid’s interior (for example using muon radiography or radar) to look for hidden ramps or mechanisms. arXiv
- Peer review and broader expert discussion of Scheuring’s model: how do Egyptologists, structural engineers, and archaeologists respond?
- Discovery of physical micro-mechanical evidence (wooden beams, sled tracks, pulley remains, wear-marks) inside passages consistent with the proposed system.
- Application of the theory to other pyramids and comparing whether similar internal systems exist elsewhere.
Conclusion
The new theory that the Pyramid of Giza was built from the inside out presents a fascinating alternative to long-standing ramp models. While not yet definitively proven, it offers a fresh lens on ancient engineering prowess. For now, it remains a theory—albeit a well-argued one—inviting further research, imaging and maybe future revelations within the stones of the pyramid itself.
